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. 19 - . 20 . - 1860- . "" - ( ) "" - () (). . 1917 "" - 1878-82 1901-11. . "". 4 1866 . . , "" . . , II, . , -, . , , . . . " " (1869) . . , . " , - , - , , , , ". "" 21 1869 " " - . . , . , . "" . "" "" . 1870- ., , , . , " ", " 50-" (1877) " 193-" (1877-78) ., . . . , 24 1878 . . . , - . , - . - " " (1876-79) , . 1878 - . . . . , . . . . . - . . . .4 1878 - . . . . . ( - . ) - , II " 193-". , - . . , 2 1878, . 1879 . - - . . , . . , . . . . , . , . , 1879 II . . . , . . . . . 2 1879 , . . - - . " "; , , . - , . . " " ( " ", 2-3, 1879) . . , "... ". ; . . . ( - ) " " " " ( , ) " ", . 1879. " " " " , . II "" II, .19 1879 . , . . . . . - , , . .5 1880 , - , . . . , , , . , , . . . . . , . . - - - . , , " ". 1880 ( ). , . "" - , . , 1880 . . , , . . , , . , , , ( . . - . . ). . . . 1881 , . . . . , II - . .1 1881 . , . . , , , II . , . . , , , . II . . "" . . ( , ), . . , . . , , . . ( ) . . . . . , . - , , - . , , . "-" ; , . III "" . . -, , . , ." " 1883 , . . " " , . . " " , . 1880- . - , " ". 1 1887 " " ( . . - . . ) III. " " - . . , . . , . . , . . . . . 20 " " . , , , , , , . 20 .14 1901 . . . . - . , , , 20 . 1902 , " ". 1902-03 . . . . 2 1902 . . . . . . 1903 . . . . . . . , 10 , . . . , . 15 1904 . . . . 4 1905 , , . . . , . 1905-07. , , , . 1901-11 263 . 2 , 33 -, -, 16 , , , , , , 7 , 15 , 8 , 26 . . . . , . . , . , . , . . , , . . , . . . . . , . . , . . , . , . . , . . . "", -. , - . . , , 12 1906 , , . 30 , 100. 1906-07 50 . , " ", " ". , " " ; "-" . "" "" 1905 1905. , , . , . . , . . - . . . ? 4,5 . . "" 2180 2530 . 1901-11 17 . . 1905-07 , , , , , . 1908 . . . . , , . 1909 - . . , . . , , - . . 1 1911. . . , , . . . : - . 1917 . , , , ., , .:1 1881 : II / . . . . ., 1991. . . : . ., 1991. . . , , . --, 1996.- / . . . . --, 1996; Geifman Anna. Thou Shalt K.Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia. 1894-1917. Princeton University Press, 1993.. .